Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances.
Some organic water pollutants are:
- Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalide and other chemicals
- Bacteria, often is from sewage or livestock operations
- Food processing waste, including pathogens
- Tree and brush debris from logging operations
- VOCs (Volatile organic compounds), such as industrial solvents, from improper storage
- Petroleum Hydrocarbons including fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuels, and fuel oils) and lubricants (motor oil) from oil field operations, refineries, pipelines, retail service station's underground storage tanks, and transfer operations. Note: VOCs include gasoline-range hydrocarbons.
Some inorganic water pollutants include:
- Heavy metals including acid mine drainage
- Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur dioxide from power plants)
- Pre-production industrial raw resin pellets, an industrial pollutant
- Chemical waste as industrial by products
- Fertilizers, in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates
- Silt in surface runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites
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